MODUL GRAMMAR III

CHAPTER  I

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

In writing a text, students always use active and passive voice. Students often write, but some of them do not know what active and passive voice is, what about the form, and how to arrange the sentence. So we often meet some mistakes in writing, so that we need learn to be able to minimize the mistakes which perhaps happen.

1.1  Active Voice

Active voice is a sentence which the subject does or performs an activity or work or is in condition or state. For examples:

1.      We cook rice.

2.      His sister sweeps the floor.

3.      Almost all diligent students are smart.

1.2  Passive Voice

Passive Voice is a sentence which the object does an activity. For examples:

1.      Rice is cooked by us.

2.      The floor is swept by his sister.

1.3  The Rules to Change Active Voice to Passive Voice

All of passive voices with by-phrase can be changed to active voices. But not all of active voices can be changed to passive voices. The rules are that:

1.      The verb must be a transitive verb

2.      The subject in active voice becomes the object of preposition by in passive voice

3.      The object in active voice becomes the subject in passive voice

AV: Subject                          Verb (transitive)                                Object PV: Object                            be +Past participle (V3)        by a phrase (by agent)

4.      Passive always uses past participle (V3)

1.4  How to Arrange Active and Passive voice

Arranging the voice or sentence, active voice is by following sixteen tenses and passive voice is by following ten tenses. Look the table below!

No	Tense	Active voice	Passive voice
	Simple present	a.         John decorates the class. b.        They write many letters. c.         The students swim in the river.	a.       The class is decorated by john. b.      Many letters are written by them. c.       -
	Present progressive	a.         John is decorating the class. b.        They are writing many letters. c.         The students are swimming in the river.	a.       The class is being decorated by John. b.      Many letters are being written by them. c.       -
	Present perfect	a.         John has decorated the class. b.        They have written many letters. c.         The students have swum in the river.	a.       The class has been decorated by John. b.      Many letters have been decorated by them. c.       -
	Present perfect progressive	a.         John has been decorating the class. b.        They have been writing many letters. c.         The students have been swimming in the river.
	Simple Past	a.         John decorated the class. b.        They wrote many letters. c.         The students swam in the river.	a.       The class was decorated by john. b.      Many letters were written by them. c.       -
	Past progressive	a.         John was decorating the class. b.        They were writing many letters. c.         The students were swimming in the river.	a.       The class was being decorated by John. b.      Many letters were being written by them. c.       -
	Past perfect	a.         John had decorated the class. b.        They had written many letters. c.         The students had swum in the river.	a.       The class had been decorated by John. b.      Many letters had been decorated by them. c.       -
	Past perfect progressive	a.         John had been decorating the class. b.        They had been writing many letters. c.         The students had been swimming in the river.
	Simple Future	a.         John will decorate the class. b.        They will write many letters. c.         The students will swim in the river. Be going to a.         John is going to decorate the class. b.        They are going to write many letters. c.         The students are going to swim in the river.	a.       The class will be decorated by john. b.      Many letters will be written by them. c.       - a.       The class is going to be decorated by John. b.      Many letters are going to be written by them. -
	Future progressive	a.         John will be decorating the class. b.        They will be writing many letters. c.         The students will be swimming in the river.	c.
	Future perfect	a.         John will have decorated the class. b.        They will have written many letters. c.         The students will have swum in the river.	a.       The class will have been decorated by John. b.      Many letters will have been written by them. c.       -
	Future perfect progressive	a.         John will have been decorating the class. b.        They will have been writing many letters. c.         The students will have been swimming in the river.

Note:

1.    For all progressive tenses, except present and past progressive, it is not common in passive (rarely).

2.    Point c, they can not be changed into passive voice, because the verb is intransitive.

1.5  Modal in Passive Voice

Pattern    :

AV           : subject + modal + bare infinitive + object

PV            : subject + modal + be + past participle V3+ by a phrase

Example:

1.      AV     : The students can borrow many books in the library.

PV       : Many books can be borrowed by the students in the library.

2.      AV     : They must do their duty.

PV       : Their duty must be done.

1.6  Similiar Modal in Passive

Pattern    :

AV           : subject + similiar modal + bare infinitive + object

PV            : subject + similiar modal + be + past participle V3+ by a phrase

Example:

1.      AV     : The boy is allowed to wash his cloth.

PV       : His cloth is allowed to be washed by the boy.

2.      AV     : The news is going to shock everyone here.

PV       : Everyone here is going to be shocked by the news.

1.7  Question Word in Passive

Pattern    :

AV           : QW + auxiliary + subject + verb + object

PV            : QW + auxiliary + subject + past participle (V3)+ by a phrase

Example:

1.      AV     : When did the cat kill the bird?

PV       : When was the bird killed by the cat?

2.      AV     : Why does teachers teach English in every school?.

PV       : Why is English taught in every school.

1.8  Passive Voice with or without By A Phrase

Passive voice with by a phrase (by agent) is used when it is important to know who performs a action. For examples:

1.      Hafalan Sholat Delisa has been written by Tere Liye.

2.      Indonesia was proclaimed by Ir. Soekarno.

Passive without by a phrase (by agent) is usually used when who performs an action is not known or not important to know. For examples:

1.      Many  books in this store were sold last month.

2.      His car was stolen last night.

Note:

1.      It is not important to know exactly who sells the books.

2.      Who stole  his car is not known.

Change to passive voice!

1.      Burhan broke all of  his pens.

_______________________________________________________________

2.      The director has sent me much money.

_______________________________________________________________

3.      When did the teachers here do the English teaching method for the first time?

_______________________________________________________________

4.      Your sister have to close the windows.

_______________________________________________________________

5.       Could the man finish his work today?

_______________________________________________________________

6.      Did you call my brother last night?

_______________________________________________________________

7.      The gardener is going to cut the grass.

_______________________________________________________________

8.      Are you reading some literatures now?

_______________________________________________________________

9.      The children will make much food fo our dinner.

_______________________________________________________________

10.  Has Sugi’s father bought him a computer?

_______________________________________________________________

CHAPTER II

DIRECT -  INDIRECT SPEECH

2.1  Definition

Direct indirect speech or reported speech is noun clause whose function is as object. Therefore, certain verbs that are used are the same as above.

2.2  The Feature

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
There is quotation             Main clause,  ‘sub clause.’    (british style)             Main clause, “sub clause.”    (american style)	There is a conjuntion, to infinitive, or not to infinitive

2.3  The Changes

If tenses used in main clause are simple present, present perfect and simple future, the pronoun in sub clause is changed when indirect speech. And if main clause uses simple past, sub clause changes pronoun, tenses, adn adverb.

1.      Pronoun

I , my mine, my, ....., myself (back to subject main clause)

You, your, yours, ....., yourself / yourselves (back to object main clause)

Example:

1)      DDirect           : Saga says, “I love my cat so much.”

                  Indirect           : Saga says that he loves his cat so much.

2)      Direct              : Farida says to me, ‘your friend will help you.’

Indirect           : Farida says to me that my friend will help me.

2.      Tenses

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Simple present	Simple past
Present continuous	Past continuous
Present perfect (continuous)	Past perfect (continuous)
Simple past	Past perfect
Past continuous	Past perfect continuous
Past perfect (continuous)	Past perfect (continuous)
Simple future	Past future
Future continuous	Conditional continuous
Future perfect continuous	Conditional perfect

-          Example:

1)      Direct              :“I never wake up late,” my brother explained.

Indirect           : my brother explained that he never woke up late.

2)      Direct              : Fatir said to his younger sister, ‘I am waiting for you.’

Indirect           : Fatir said to his younger sister that he was waiting for her.

3.      Adverb

            The change is often done by adverb of time.

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Now	Then / at that time
Today	That day
Yesterday	The day before
The day before yesterday	Two days before
Tomorrow	The next (following) day
Tomorrow morning	The following morning
The day after tomorrow	In two days time
Next week / year	The following week / year
Last week / year	The previous week / year
A year ago	A year before / the previous year

-          Example:

1)      Direct        : Udin said to Lasel, ‘I am reading all of your novels now.

Indirect     : Udin said to Lasel that he is reading all of her novels then.

2)      Direct        : Ratna asked Aziz, ‘why did you come to the party yesterday?

Indirect     : Ratna asked Aziz why he had come to the party the day before.

Change to direct  or indirect speech!

1.       Farida says,” I want to take my book in his class.”

____________________________________________________________________

2.       Tookind o said,” I have to work hard today.”

____________________________________________________________________

3.       She said to her husband,” Our  television needs repairing.”

____________________________________________________________________

4.       Saga said to John,” You did not come on time this morning.”

____________________________________________________________________

5.       Musa said,” I am student and I have studied for three years.”

____________________________________________________________________

6.       The man asks,” Did you hear a loud crash?”

____________________________________________________________________

7.       I said, “ Can the gardener begin his work on Saturday?”

____________________________________________________________________

8.       The man asked his wife if she had been writing when he telephoned.

____________________________________________________________________

9.       Mey asked me how many languages I could speak.

____________________________________________________________________

10.   My mother asked me when I did my home work.

____________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER III

GERUND AND TO INFINITIVE

3.1  GERUNDS

a.       Introduction : gerund is the “ing” form of verb used as a noun. A gerund is used in the same ways as a noun, i.e., as a subject or as an object. For example : talking, understanding, swimming, smoking, etc.

b.      Kinds of gerund :

1.      Gerund as subject

2.      Gerund as object

3.      Gerund as predicate

4.      Gerund as noun modifier

5.      Gerund as short prohibition

A.                Gerund as Subject

Example :

1. Watching TV can give me many advantages

2. Reading is my hobby

3. Going a date in Saturday night is forbidden by my father

B.        Gerund as Object

            - Object of preposition

            Example: I am fond of swimming, they are used to speaking English 

-  Object of certain Verb (enjoy, deny, delay, ….. etc)

Example : he admitted cheating in the examination with her friend

C.        Gerund as Predictable

            Example : Her activity every Friday is discussing with her friend 

D.        Gerund as noun modifier

            Using to telling function of a noun

            Example : Meeting hall : Building for meeting, swimming pool : pool for swimming

            Example : The living room is not beside my room, She studies at boarding school

E.         Gerund as short prohibition 

            For example: No parking, No hiking, No swimming, No climbing, No crossing

Note :

Remember to be careful to differ between: Don’t park, No Parking, No parking Area.   

1.        INFINITIVE

Infinitive is a basic verb in English. Infinitive can use “to”, that is known to infinitive and without “to”, that is known bare infinitive.

A.    Use “to infinitive”

1.      As subject

Example : to study pronunciation makes us easy to speak English.

2.      As object

Example : I fail to pass the examination.

3.      Occupy it place relative pronoun or part of sentence

a.       As subject

Example : I have no one to help me. (I have no one who can help me)

b.      As object

Example : I have nothing to do (I have nothing that I must do)

4.      After

Adjective, too, enough, or, so … etc

Example : this lesson is easy to understand, Bob was so foolish as to leave his car unlocked

5.      Can express purpose

Example : we came in campus to study English (we came in campus to order to study English)

6.      Use after certain verb  

ask, mean, manage, wait … and so on

Example : I will wait to listen the headmaster explanation

Using gerund or to infinitive!

1.      The students of Uniska were not permitted _______________ (enter) the park.

2.      By _______________ (read) a lot of books, it can enlarge our knowledge.

3.      The boy enjoys _______________ (tell) history of America.

4.      I hope ________________ (see) again.

5.      Will Patiwiri promise _______________ (be) here on time?

6.      The secretary advised me _______________(wait) in the main room.

7.      I am glad _______________(meet) you.

8.      Dafir is too young ________________(understand) the problem.

9.      Let’s go _________________ (camp) in Ranukumbolo.

10.  Every woman needs _______________ (understand).

CHAPTER IV

PARTICIPLE

4.1  Definition

        Participle represent predicate part of a sentence beginning with the verb in reduced –ing (present participle) or –ed (past participle) whose function is main verb,  adjective, and adverb.

4.2  Form of participle

Form	Active Voice	Passive voice
	Progressive	Progressive
General	Cleaning	Cleaned                       Being cleaned
Perfect	Having cleaning          having been cleaning	Having been cleaned

Example:

The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying Jack. Removing (participle) his coat (direct object of action expressed in participle)	Removing his coat, Jack rushed to the river.
The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying cousin. walking (participle) along the shoreline (prepositional phrase as adverb)	Delores noticed her cousin walking along the shoreline.
The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying children. introduced (to) (participle) music (direct object of action expressed in participle) early (adverb)	Children introduced to music early develop strong intellectual skills.
The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying Lynn. Having been (participle) a gymnast (subject complement for Lynn, via state of being expressed in participle)	Having been a gymnast, Lynn knew the importance of exercise.

Using present or past participle!

1.      I am smelling something _______________ (burn).

2.      _____________ (finish) his work, her brother slept.

3.      The girl _______________(talk) to the lecturer looks intelligent.

4.      I heard the car _______________(steal).

5.      The news _______________ (discuss) last night was so terrible. 

CHAPTER V

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

5.1  Definition

      Conditional sentence is a sentence presenting requirement of an activity or an event or something happened.

 

5.2  Types of Conditional sentence

      Based on an event or an activity will do or not, and the fact which is true or untrue in the present, past, or future can be classified become:

Types	Situation	If-clause	Result Clause
1	True in the present or future	Simple present	Simple present Simple future
2	Untrue in the present or future	Simple past	Would + simple form
3	Untrue in the past	Past perfect	Would have + past participle
Mixed 1	If-clause          : untrue in the past Result clause   : untrue in the present or future	Past perfect	Would + simple form
Mixed 2	If-clause          : untrue in the present or future Result clause   : untrue in the past	Simple past	Would have + past participle

1.      Type 1

-          Pattern             :

a)      if simple present + simple present

b)     if simple present + simple future

-          Function                      :

a)      to show habitual action or general truth

b)      to show that an event or avtivity maybe happen or not depending on the if-clause happen or not.

-          Example                :

a)      If I have enough time, I always review my subjects.

If you touch fire, it is hot.

b)      Alfi will send Burhan message if he doesn’t call her.

2.      Type 2

-          Pattern             :

if simple past + would simple form

note: if “if-clause” uses simple past form, “were” is used to singular or plural subject.

-          Function                :

to show that an event or avtivity is untrue in the present or future.

-          Example                :

a)      Situation          :

Farida wants to go home now, but it is raining a lot. She is not bringing rain coat. If she brought rain coat, she would be able to go home now.

b)       Situation         :

 Fatir’s party is being held next week. But Daniel can not come there for he has something important to do at the same time. If Daniel did not have something to do, he would join the party.

3.      Type 3

-          Pattern             :

if past perfect + would have past participle

-          Function                :

to show that an event or avtivity is untrue in the past.

-          Example                :

a)      Situation          :

We were in the class yesterday. Lilis was absent. Then Patiwiri called her because of the fact that everybody looked for her.

If Lilis had come to the class, Patiwiri would not have called her. 

b)      Situation          :

Last week, I sent message and asked my friend whether there was a duty or not because I did not come to the class at that time. But he did not reply my message. If I had come to campus, I would not have needed to asked my friend the duty.

4.      Mixed 1

-          Pattern             :

if past perfect + would simple form

-          Function                :

to show that an event or avtivity in “If-clause” is untrue in the past and result clause is untrue in the present or future

-          Example                :

c)      Situation          :

This morning i did not have breakfast. Now I am hungry.

If  i had had breakfast this morning, I would not be hungry now. 

d)     Situation          :

Some days ago Dafir did not join to go tothe beach. He is so sad because he is alone in his boarding house now. If had joined to go there, he would not so sad.

5.      Mixed 2

-          Pattern             :

if simple past + would have past participle

-          Function                :

to show that an event or avtivity in “If-clause” is untrue in the present or future and result clause is untrue in the past.

-          Example                :

a)      Situation          : 

Yesterday Udin is not going to mount Semeru now. He did not have prepared anything to bring. If Udin went there now, would have prepared everything to bring before. 

b)      Situation          :

Haviv has just got an accident bacause yesterday he did not care about what his parents said to him . If Haviv knew that he would get the accident now, he would have heard her parents words.

Using conditional sentence!

1.      There was a test yersterday. You did not know that, so you did not study.

If I  _________________________ (know), i ____________________ (study) last night.

2.      Now we are in the class. But Budi is not here.

The chief _______________________ (send) him message if he _______________________ (not/come).

3.      Last night, it rained hard. I did not bring my umbrella.

If I ____________________ (bring) my umbrella, I ____________________ (get) wet last night.

4.      Yesterday Nuha did not join Mr. Erwin class, so that he is angry with her now.

If Nuha ____________________ (join) the class, Mr. Erwin ________________ (be) angry with her now.

5.      Next week, my beloved brother will go abroad and I have a big party at that time.

If my beloved brother _____________________ (not/go) abroud, he _____________________ (accompany) me in the party.

CHAPTER VI

SUBJUNCTIVE

Request / Subjunctive

It is almost same as noun clause of statement. Request also uses conjunction that that shows there is an advice, a wish, an urgency or something important.  It is called Subjunctive.

-          Pattern             :

That + subject + verb (bare infinitive)

-          Example:

1)      We urge that he leave now.

2)      We urge that he should leave now

-          using wish in subjunctive

Pattern:

Present subjunctive     : subject + wish + (that) + subject + s. Past

Past subjunctive          : subject + wish + (that) + subject + past perfect / could +  have + past participle

-          Example:

1)      We wish that we had enough time to finish our home work. (i don’t have enough time)

2)      I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday. (i did not wash my cloth yesterday)

Using subjunctive!

1.      Yesterday the boy went to hospital to see his health. His doctor advised that ______________ (stop) eating junk food.

2.      Two days ago my close friend got sick. She did not come to accompany me in my birthday party. I wish she ______________________________ (come) at that time.

3.      It is important that everybody _______________ (collect) their duty on time.

4.      English is needed everytime and every where. It has been like our second language. It is better that English ________________ (master).

5.      I do miss my brother. But he has gone abroad. I wish he ___________(be) here. 

CHAPTER VII

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

7.1  Definition

      Adjective clause is a dependent clause whose function is modifying or which can be used to describe and give more information about noun or pronoun. The noun or pronoun being modified is called the antecedent. Adjective clause is also called relative clause. 

7.2  Types of Adjective Clause

      Based on the function and the antecedent, adjective clause can be classified become:

6.      Relative Pronoun

a)      As subject

No	Antecedent	Conjunction	Subtitute (usually)
1. 2.	Person Thing/non person	Who / that Which / that (more commonly)	I, you, we, they, he, she It, they

Pattern                 : Conjunction + V

-          Example                :          

1)      Ryan loves the girl. She is the most popular student in Uniska.

-          Adjective clause          :

who is the most popular student in Uniska.

(She refers to the girl. The antecedent (the girl) is a person. So it uses “who or that” to subtitute “she”)

-          The new sentence        :

Ryan loves the girl who is the most popular student in Uniska.

2)      The cat has bitten a mouse in the kitchen. It slept  in my living room last night.

Adjective clause          :

that slept  in my living room last night

(It refers to the cat. The antecedent (the cat) is non person. So it uses “which or that” to subtitute “it”)

The new sentence        :

The cat that slept in my living room last night has bitten a mouse in the kitchen.

b)      As object

No	Antecedent	Conjunction	Subtitute (usually)
1. 2.	Person Thing/non person	Whom / that (who is usually used instead of whom, especially in speaking. Whom is generally used in very formal English) Which / that (more commonly)	me, you, us, them,him, her It, them

-          Pattern                    : Conjunction + S + Vt

-          Example                :

1)      I have just finished my duty. My teacher gave it yesterday.

-          Adjective clause          :

that my teacher gave yesterday

(It refers to my duty. The antecedent (my duty) is a thing. So it uses “which or that” to subtitute “it”)

-          The new sentence        :

I have just finished my duty that my teacher gave yesterday.

I have just finished my duty my teacher gave yesterday. (the object pronoun is omitted)

2)      The boy is crying in the class. Ivan has just hit him. 

-          Adjective clause          :

Whom Ivan has just hit

(Him refers to the cat. The antecedent (the boy) is a person. So it uses “whom or that” to subtitute “him”)

-          The new sentence        :

The boy whom Ivan has just hit is crying in the class.

The boy Ivan has just hit is crying in the class. (the object pronoun is omitted)

Note    : an object pronoun is often omitted. However, a subject pronoun may not be omitted.

c)      As object of preposition

The conjunctions of relative pronoun as object and object of preposition are the same.

Pattern                       :

preposition + conjunction + S + V (very formal English)

conjunction + S + V + preposition

-          Example                :

1)      The topic is independence war. All of my friends are talking about it.

-          Adjective clause          :

About which all of my friends are talking about

(it refers to independence war. The antecedent (independence war) is a thing. So it uses “which or that” to subtitute “it”)

-          The new sentence        :

The topic about which all of my friends are talking is independence war.

The topic which all of my friends are talking about is independence war.

The topic all of my friends are talking about is independence war. (the object pronoun is omitted)

d)     As possessive

No	Antecedent	Conjunction	Subtitute (usually)
1. 2.	Person/thing/non person Thing/non person	Whose Of which	My, your, our, their, his, her, its Its, their

Pattern                 :

Conjunction + Noun + S + V

Conjunction + Noun + V

-          Example                :

1)      The girl called me. Her bag was found in my class.

-          Adjective clause          :

Whose bag was found in my class

(her refers to the girl. The antecedent (the girl) is a person. So it uses “whose” to subtitute “her”)

-          The new sentence        :

The girl whose bag was found in my class called me.

e)      Relative Adverb

a)      As adverb of place

Antecedent       : a place

Conjunction     : where

Pattern                         : conjunction + S + V

-          Example                :

1)      The room has been mopped. I always study there.

-          Adjective clause          :

Where i always study

(there refers to the room. It uses “where” to subtitute “there” because there shows “adverb of place”)

-          The new sentence        :

The room where I always study has been mopped.

b)      As adverb of time

Antecedent        : a time: a place

Conjunction     : when

Pattern             : conjunction + S + V

-          Example                :

1)   I always remember the day. We first met then (on that day)

-          Adjective clause          :

When we first met

(then (on that day) refers to the day. It uses “when” to subtitute “then” because then shows “adverb of time”)

-          The new sentence        :

I always remember the day when we first met.

c)      As adverb of reason

Antecedent           : usually the word used is “reason”

Conjunction         : why

Pattern                 : conjunction + S + V

-          Example                :

1)   I don’t know the reason why you love me.

2)   The reason why Hanny was absent can be accepted.

f)       Expression Quantity in Adjective Clause

-          The examples of expression quantity are some of, several of, few of, one of, most of, neither of, both of, etc

Conjunction                        : whom, which, and whose

Pattern                    : , expression of quantity + conjunction + S +  V

-  Example                         :

1)   I have three novels. One of them was given by Puput.

      I have three novels, one of which ws given by Puput.

2)   We have talked about Burhan. One of his bad habits is disturbing his friends.

       We have talked about Burhan, one of whose bad habits is disturbing his friends.

Using adjective clause!

1.      The meeting was so interesting. I went to it.

______________________________________________________________

2.      The books on the table is too thick to read. The lecturer bought them in the new bookstore in the thown.

______________________________________________________________

3.      The is calling me. We have just talked about him.

______________________________________________________________

4.      The young women come from Thailand. they are studying in University of Indonesia.

______________________________________________________________   

5.      The day was Friday. The boy was born then (at that time).

______________________________________________________________
CHAPTER VIII

NOUN CLAUSE

6.1  Definition

      Noun clause is a dependent clause whose function is noun. This clause can occupy the position of noun in a sentence. And generally the position of noun is as subject, object of verb and object of preposition.  

6.2  Types of Noun Clause

      Based on the conjunctions used and its function, noun clause can be classified become:

1.      Statement

That	The fact that
It can be as subject	It can be as subject
It can be as object	It can be as object
It can not be as object of preposition	It can be as object of preposition
It can be as anticipatory it / subject after it	It can not be as anticipatory it / subject after it

That of noun clause, it is called that clause.

a)      As subject

      That clause often becomes subject if the main verb is linking verb, causative verb, or verb expressing emotion.

-          Example:

1)      That / the fact that the area was dangerous is true.

2)      That / the fact that Ivan came late yesterday made me suprised.

3)      That / the fact that you made my dictionary lost  angered me.

b)      As object

      That clause whose function is as object generally occupies after transitive  verb, certain verb indirect speech and certain verb that shows mental activity.

      Certain verb of indirect speech

Admit	Agree	Announce	Answer	Admit
Persuade	Replay	Say	Remind	Explain
Tell	Warn	Remind	Complain	Etc.

Certain verb of mental activity

Assume	Believe	Dream	Feel	Show
Suggest	Assume	Care	Command	Regret
Decide	Think	Urge	Wonder	Etc

-          Example:

1)      Putri knows that / the fact that her friend is going to be back home next week.

2)      My mother said that I should have finished my study as soon as possible.

3)      I think that you are so kind.

c)      As object of preposition

-          Example:

1)      The information is about the fact that you are always making terrible mistake in the class.

2)      The information is about that you are always making terrible mistake in the class. (it is wrong)

d)     As anticipatory it

-          Pattern             :

S + be + that clause

-          Example:

1)      It is true that the news about earthquake happened in Aceh in 2004.

2)      It is true the fact that the news about earthquake happened in Aceh in 2004. (it is wrong)

e)      As complement

      Using that clause in this function can occupy after be (nominal sentence).

-          Example:

1)      The idea is that we will go to watch movie.

2)      the information was that you were involved in the theft of director’s car. 

2.      Question

            Noun clause in question is two kinds. They are yes / no question and question word.

a)      Yes / no question

If	Whether
It can not be as subject	It can be as subject
It can be as object	It can be as object
It can not be as object of preposition	It can be as object of preposition
It can be added with or not just in the end of clause	It can be added with or notafter whether or  in the end of clause

-          Example:

-          as subject

Whether you finished your progam last month is my question.

-          As object

I don’t know whether / if you finished your progam last month.

-          As object of preposition

I don’t know about  whether you finished your progam last month.

-          Adding or not

I don’t know about  whether or not you finished your progam last month.

I don’t know about  whether you finished your progam last month or not.

b)      Question Word

As Pronoun	As Modifier	As Adverb
Who	Which	Where(ever)
Whom	Whose	When (ever)
Whoever	That	Why
What		How (ever)
Whatever		How many
Whomever		How much

-          As subject

Whoever works hard to get something will be able to get it.

Whom you love looks so cute.

-          As object

You can borrow which novel of mine you like.

I want to know how Rico can get the meal.

-          As object of preposition

We are talking about what we discussed yesterday.

It depends on what you have brought.

3.      Exclamation

-          Pattern             :

What + noun phrase

How + adjective / adverb

-          Example:

1)      I realized what a hard work it is.

2)      My teacher talked about how beautifully she sings.

Change the sentence in bracket to be a noun clause!

1.      (where do you come from?) I do not know ____________________________ ______________________________________.

2.      (how he can get the food?) my question is _____________________________ ______________________________________.

3.      (do you always go there every weekend) my mother asked me _______________________________________________________________.

4.      (How beautifully the singer sings!) the visitors are amazed _______________ ______________________________________.

5.      (when will the national examination be held this year?) the headmaster and the teachers are talking about __________________________________________.

CHAPTER IX

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

9.1  Definition

      Adverbial clause is a dependent clause whose function is adverb. It must be connected with independent clause, because it cannot stand alone. Its position can be initial, middle, or final position.

9.2  Types of Adverbial Clause

      Based on the function, adverbial clause can be classified become:

1.      Clause of Time

-          The conjunctions that can be used are:

When	Once	Until	Every time	As/so long as
While	Before	Till	During the time (that)	At the same time
Since	As soon as	The first time	(At) the moment	The next time (that)
After	As	Now (that)	By the time (that)	The last time (that)

-          Example:

a)      While Nuha was cooking yesterday, she was listening to pop music.

b)      By the time Mey comes, everybody in my class prepares for welcome.

2.      Clause of  Place

-          The conjunctions that can be used are:

Where(ver)	Nowhere (that)	Anyplace (that)	Every place (that)
Anywhere (that)	Everywhere (that)	No place (that)

-          Example:

a)      Ayyin will go where she is sent by her company.

b)      Repairs will be made wherever they are necessary

3.      Clause of Contrast

a.       Concessive Clause

-          The conjunctions that can be used are:

Even though	Granted (that)	Admitted (that)	Despite of the fact that
While	Granting (that)	In spite of the fact that	Regardless of the fact that
Though	Although

-          Example:

a)       Although Ratna knows that the job is so dangerous, she insists on facing it.

b)      Udin feels happy even though he has no money.

b.      Adversative Clause

-          The conjunctions that can be used are:

While

Where

Whereas

When

-          Example:

a)      Some of the rich are always arrogant when the poor do not do it.

b)      Some newspapers has many advertisements, whereas others have none at all.

 

4.      Clause of Reason or Cause

-          The conjunctions that can be used are:

Because	In that	In view of the fact that
Since	As/so long as	For the (simple) reason that
Now (that)	On the ground(s) as	Due to the fact that (informal0
As	Whereas
Inasmuch as	Seeing that (informal)

-          Example:

a)      Because it was cold, we wore some warm cloth.

b)      As Saga was in a hurry, he forgot locking the door.

5.      Clause of Result

-          The conjunctions that can be used are:

So that	Such (a) ....... that
With the result that	Such a/an + singular noun + that
So ....... that	Such + plural noun
So + adjective + that	Such + uncountable noun
So + adverb + that

-          Example: 

a)      Engy is so kind that she always treat her friends in canteen everyday.

b)      Tukynd is such as a big boss that he could ask his students do what he wants.

6.      Clause of Purpose

-          The conjunctions that can be used are:

Positive Purpose	Negative Purpose
(In order) that	Lest
So (that)	For fear that
For the purpose that
In the hope that
To the end that (formal)

-          Example:

a)      The students of FKBB are studying hard in order that they pass the final examination.

b)      Alfi does not dare to leave house lest someone should recognize her.

7.      Clause of Condition

-          The conjunctions that can be used are:

If	On condition (that)	Suppose (that)	Whether ....or .....
Even if	Provided (that)	Supposing (that)
Unless (if ....... not)	Providing (that)	Bu for
In (the) event (that)	In case if only	As/so long as

-          Example:

a)      Lili’s mother will give her permit to go to the party if only she finished her duty.

b)      Unless Budi remember eating this morning, he was hungry now.

8.      Clause of Manner

-          The conjunctions that can be used are:

As if

As though

As

How(ever)

Like (informal0

-          Example:

a)      Ima walked as if she were a great model.

b)      Arul acted as though he had never met her.

9.      Clause of Comparison

a)      Adjectival Comparison

-          The conjunctions that can be used are:

Positive Degree	Comparative Degree	Superlative Degree
(+/-) As ........ as	More .......	The most ........
(-) so ....... as	......... er	The .......... est

-          Example:

a)      Your skin is as white as snow (is).

b)      Ivan looks more diligent than his friend (does).

c)      Ratna is the kindest girl in her class.

b)      Adverbial Comparison

-          The conjunctions that can be used are:

Positive Degree	Comparative Degree	Superlative Degree
(+/-) As ........ as	More .......	Most ........
(-) so ....... as	......... er	.......... est

-          Example:

a)      Sugi ran as fast as ligthning (did).

b)      Fatir can explain me pronunciation better than you (can).

c)      Anam shouted most loudly in beach yesterday.

c)      Noun Comparison

a.       Similiarity

the same ..... as

similiar ..... to

-          Example:

a)      Daniel used the same hat as his friend is.

b)      Musa’s cloth is similiar color to Daniel’s hat.

b.      Difference

Different from

-          Example:

Ila is different from her mother.

d)     Double Comparison

a.       Gradual Comparison

Pattern           :

S + V + (O) + comparative and comparative

-          Example:

a)      Lasel looks more and more beautiful.

b)      Our parents is richer and richer.

b.      Paralel Comparison

Pattern                       :

the comparative + S + V + (O), the comparative + S + V + (O)

-          Example:

The more difficult the homework is, the happier I feel to do it.

e)      Intensifier Comparison

-          Pattern:

Quantity / multiple number + positive degree

Far / much  + comparative degree

-          Example:

a)      I am three times as beautiful as you (are).

b)      Fandi and Nuha works much harder than me.

f)       Illogical Meaning

That of

Those of

-          Example:

a)      The salary of professor is higher than secretary. (illogical)

The salary of professor is higher than that of secretary.

b)      My pens is as many as you. (illogical)

My pens is as many as yours / your pens.

Using adverbial clause!

1.      The family has lived in Pare ____________ (although, since, before), the first son graduated from junior high school.

2.      The _____________ (quickly) the subject is explained, the _____________ (happy) I am.

3.      My annoying friend always speaks _____________ (loudly) of her friends.

4.      It was not clean _____________ (because/unless/although) I whased the cloth thousand times.

5.       The boy is ____________ director  that he could ask his employees to do everything he wants.

REFERENCES

Azhar, Betty Schrampfer. 1999. Understanding and Using English Grammar Third Edition. Pearson Education. USA.

Frank, Marcella.1972. modern English: A Practical Reference Guide. Prentice-Hall, Inc. USA.

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